Saturday, December 28, 2019

Comparison of Womens Struggles in Use by Alice Walker and...

The story â€Å"Use† written by Alice Walker is set in the southern state of Georgia in the late 1960’s or early 1970’s. Alice walker is known for writing stories about women who are portrayed as victims, and stories that have unhappy endings. Use stood out from Walkers other stories because her protagonist had such confidence and stood up for her family’s legacy against her own daughter, who views herself as one who above her family and her past. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, the story depicts a character, Emily, who went through a major struggle in her life, and had a hard time finding her place in the world, as in the rest of his stories. The story is set sometime after the civil war, in the late 1800’s†¦show more content†¦Emily has a black servant who gardens and cooks and doesn’t have much of a role in her life. A short time after her father died Homer Barron was introduced into her life; they are seen going on carriage rides on Sunday’s. Emily goes to buy Arsenic one day to kill â€Å"rats† and the town thinks she is going to kill herself, but in the end she poisoned Homer so he wouldn’t leave her like her father did. She then closed herself in her house and sheltered herself from the outside world until she died. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† showed how even as much as she tried Emily didn’t know how to survive or adjust to the world around her, because of her upbringing. Emily had to hold on things because she feared they would leave her, because growing up she was so sheltered. â€Å"†¦she would have to cling to that which had robbed her, as people will.† After her father died she didn’t know how to let go or react even after how he treated her all her life. â€Å"†¦her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flu ng front door.† She even denied his death for days after he died, â€Å"She told them that her father was not dead. She did that for three days, with the ministers calling on her, and the doctors, trying to persuade her to let them dispose of the body.† Emily lashed out and

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Questioning the Effectiveness of Affirmative Action Policies

This essay will analyze and thoroughly examine the ethics of affirmative action. At first, a short explanation of the issue under discussion will be given as to help the reader understand what is this essay all about. Along with this explanation, the relevance to the business world will be stated. Furthermore, the essay will approach the ethical problem both from a consequentialist and a non-consequentialist standpoint. These two perspectives will be interpreted by taking Mills utilitarianism as an example of the former and Kants categorical imperative as an example of the latter. Finally, a personal analysis of the issue under discussion will be established and a conclusion as well. Briefly, the essay will argue that affirmative†¦show more content†¦It seems that the rule utilitarian approach would implicate that we should decide which public policies best obey the rules. Reasonably, affirmative action policies would be judged on whether they coincide with rules such as the equal opportunity principle. With that in mind, we must examine problems with Mills theory. First, Mill appears to retain the right to revoke any rules if so doing aids the overall end (Rachel 106-107). Second, his principle of utility somehow allows extreme inequality which can lead to oppression (majorities against minorities). Third, it is challenging to determine the consequences of all the different rules as there are various social contexts in which such rules must be implemented (Taylor 65). Lets now look at Kants theory of the categorical imperative. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is an ethical standard that determines the moral laws that ought to guide action. Kants formulations of this standard states, â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† and â€Å"Act so that you treat humanity, wether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only† (Hunting 231). Accordingly, one can understand that this ethical standard leads us, humans, to rationalize and figure out by ourselves what is the right thing to do (it appeals to our sense of self-legislation) in differentShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action And Its Impact On Education3441 Words   |  14 Pages Since its creation in 1965 affirmative action has been heralded by supporters as a landmark achievement and a means to erase the legacy of discrimination and raise the educational outcomes and benefits of America’s protected classes.1 Despite the support it has received, there are large numbers of people who have expressed their opposition to affirmative action in education, claiming that it is a form of discrimination, and questioning its effectiveness. As the debate rages, researchers have exhaustivelyRead MoreEssay about Four Major Workforce Changes1757 Words   |  8 Pagesvalues will affect organizations abilities to recruit, hire, and retain employees over the next five years. In Garcetti v. Ceballos, Ceballos claimed that his denial of a promotion and transfer to another courthouse was in retaliation for his memo questioning the legality of evidence in an office memo and restricted his free speech rights. The Supreme Court ruled that Ceballos spoke in relations to his duty as an officer of the court, not as a private citizen; therefore, his employer had every rightRead MoreCase Incident 2 Bullying Bosses1423 Words   |  6 Pagesonline information to manipulate her work life. It began with inappropriate innuendos regarding Facebook photos. Eventually, Kara’s boss manipulate her work hours, confronted her both on and off Facebook, and repeatedly called Kara’s cell phone questioning her whereabouts. â€Å" My boss was a gosipping, domineering, contriving megalomaniac, and her behavior dramatically intensified when she used Facebook to pry,† Kara said. Eventually, Kara was forced to quit. â€Å"I feel like I got freedom back and can b reatheRead MoreModels of Teaching3424 Words   |  14 Pagesthe search for and identification of attributes that can be used to distinguish examples of a given group or category from non-examples. Calhoun developed the Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM), which uses pictures containing familiar objects, actions and scenes to draw out words from children ¡Ã‚ ¦s listening and speaking vocabularies. The purpose of using PWIM is to develop students ¡Ã‚ ¦ vocabulary, concepts about words, and sentence and paragraph structures through our content subjects of reading,Read MoreEvolution of Public Administratpon5727 Words   |  23 Pagesfocus to the study of modalities of policy implementation rather than policy formation. † Introduction to the study of public administration â€Å", by L.D White published in 1926 focused on the study of various principles of public administration and promoted further development public administration in the U.S. A. White has defined public administration as consisting of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy. The emphasis here is on the activitiesRead MoreBusiness Ethics Test Question s with Answers Essay22425 Words   |  90 Pages Which of the following elements of COSO sets the tone or culture of a firm?   a.  Ongoing monitoring b.  Information and communications c.  Risk assessment d.  Control environment Answer: d 40. Which of the following elements of COSO refers to policies and procedures that support the cultural issues such as integrity, ethical values, competence, philosophy, and operating style? a.  Ongoing monitoring b.  Information and communications c.  Control activities d.  Risk assessment Answer: c 41. IdentifyRead MoreMaking Differences Matter8932 Words   |  36 Pagesteaching focus on the influence of race, gender, and ethnicity on career dynamics and organizational effectiveness. ABSTRACT: MAKING DIFFERENCES MATTER: A NEW PARADIGM FOR MANAGING DIVERSITY DAVID A. THOMAS and ROBIN J. ELY Diversity efforts in the workplace have been undertaken with great goodwill, but, ironically, they often end up fueling tensions. They rarely spur the leaps in organizational effectiveness that are possible. Two paradigms for diversity are responsible, but a new one is showing it canRead MoreBoard Dynamics and the Inï ¬â€šuence of Professional Background, Gender and Ethnic Diversity of Directors11390 Words   |  46 PagesDiversity, board composition, social capital, board dynamics, social network ties Introduction W *This paper was presented at the 5th International Conference on Corporate Governance and Direction, 8–10 October 2002, at the Centre for Board Effectiveness, Henley Management College. ** Address for correspondence: Department of Management and International Business, Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand. Tel: 649 443 9799; Fax: 649 441 8109. orld events, challenges and social trendsRead MoreBusiness: Strategic Management and E. Correct Response5024 Words   |  21 Pagesenvironment. C. a process directed by top-management with input from other stakeholders that seeks to achieve above-average returns for investors through effective use of the organization’s resources. D. the full set of commitments, decisions, and actions required for the firm to achieve above-average returns and strategic competitiveness. E. Correct Response: D 2476 A firm’s mission A. is a statement of a firm’s business in which it intends to compete and the customers it intends to serve. B. is anRead MoreResearch Method About Absenteeism3974 Words   |  16 Pagesleast, thanks to our beloved family for their love and support throughout our study. Thank you so much. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.0. INTRODUCTION One major issues that the higher education organizations currently facing with are the effectiveness dealing with students’ absenteeism and truancy. This study is conducted to gain the full understanding about the causes of the absenteeism and truancy which may affects students study’s performance. In order to provide a clear insight into this

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Describe the Place or Environment Where You Are Perfectly Content free essay sample

There are freshness and light coolness in the air. The ray of the sun is trying to force its way through the trunks of the trees, giving an opportunity to this wonderful place to shine. Bee is choosing the right flower, flying from one side to another. I can feel this life around me, though it may be looked like I am alone. I can’t really imagine that out of the gates of this Botanic garden all people hurry somewhere, trying to do their deeds as fast as it is possible. However, life in the Botanic garden passes very slowly. I stretch up lying on my sheet and yawning lazily. The rays of the sun make me blind and I try to escape them by closing my eyes. In this moment when all problems are forgotten, I can feel this sense of refreshment. This place has a really huge influence on me, making all my worries leave my mind completely. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Place or Environment Where You Are Perfectly Content or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I open my eyes and meet bravely these bright rays. I can see that little bee has already found his right flower and birds still sing their songs. Nothing has been changed. I begin to understand that when I leave this place, the same fuss will come back again but now it doesn’t matter. I continue to lie on my sheet, thinking about nothing. I just enjoy this wonderful weather and everything that surrounds me in this moment. I understand that this place will stay in my heart forever and I will remember it, wherever I go.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Inventory Control for Finished Goods in Manufacturing and in Services

Introduction Inventory can be described as the raw materials, merchandise and finished and finished products alike of a company of which have not yet been sold (Song Zipkin 2003, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventory Control for Finished Goods in Manufacturing and in Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A company’s inventory represents one of the key assets of a business because the earnings obtained from the inventory signify one of the prime sources of generating revenue and which subsequently brings earnings to the involved management. In other words, they can be considered as the company’s liquid assets that can be converted into cash anytime without any difficulty. Now the inventories of a manufacturing and a service industry are not the same at all, but rather they differ in many ways. For example, in a manufacturing industry, there are many different inventories in b etween the production stages before the final product is obtained. The time taken between say the raw material processing and the time that the product is semi finished and also the time taken for the final product to be assumed may vary. It may also take quite a while after the product is on the shelves during the retail stage. Thus for a manufacturing industry, there would be a time delay between the production and consumption of the product. On the other hand, in the services industry, there is an immediate consumption of the product once it is produced. This may be reflected in the example of a food court, where the production and consumption of the food and drinks takes place simultaneously (Deshpande, Cohen Donohue 2003, p. 683; Hoyt 2002, p. 2). Importance of inventory The major importance of inventory of goods and services is that it helps a company to produce the goods and services only when needed and required. This is because the having an inventory by a company for a lo ng duration of time can be very costly for it, due to storage, spoilage, and obsolescence costs (Gravelle Rees 2004, p. 5; ). On the other hand, having a very minute inventory can also be risky to the company as it stands to lose potential market share and sales as well (Dale 2003, p. 5). Inventory issues The main issues that are involved in inventory include the costs which are included in the acquisition costs, the frequency may they be perpetual or periodic in the cost computations, the cost flow assumption, which may not really represent the physical inventory flow, used to trace cost movement and the valuation basis (Axster 2003, p. 438). These may be borne by the manufacturer, service provider or even the intermediary. Discussion Literature notes that inventory is very important in the production and sale of products and services. The main significance is that it helps the company to know when to produce the goods and services only when needed and to know the quantity to be p roduced (Schroeder 1993, p. 56). This would then help in cutting overhead costs of storage among others in case of overproduction and it would eliminate the possibility of the company missing the market share and chances.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, problems of overproduction or underproduction are taken into consideration and catered for. All companies that are in the manufacturing of goods and service providing essentially use inventory. This helps them to track the process of production up until consumption and in turn, it helps them to maximize on profits by minimizing production costs (Dong Rudi 2004, p. 645). Conclusion As a conclusion, companies that use inventories, be they good, production or service providers are at a better level of maximizing on profits and cashing in on the market chances, meeting the needs and requirements of the market . With the advent of technology (Melchiors, Dekker Kleijn 2000, p. 111), software for inventories like Just-In-Time (JIT) is available to make work easier (Frakes Ricardo1992, p. 46). All these should be clearly documented in order for easier referencing. At the end of the financial year, these records should be analyzed in order to project the future market requirements for better planning (Jacobs Chase 2010, p. 43; Muhlemann Lockyer, 1992, p. 234). Reference List Axster, S 2003, Evaluation of unidirectional lateral transshipments and substitutions in inventory systems, European Journal of Operational Research 149, 438–447. Dale, B 2003, Management Quality, 4th Edn, Blackwell, Oklahoma. Deshpande, V, Cohen, M Donohue, K 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes, Management Science, 49, 683–703. Dong, L Rudi, N 2004, Who benefits from transshipment? Exogenous vs. endogenous wholesale prices, Management Science, 50, 645 –657.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventory Control for Finished Goods in Manufacturing and in Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Frakes, W Ricardo, B 1992, Information Retrieval: Data Structures and Algorithms, Prentice-Hall 45-50. Gravelle, H Rees, R 2004, Microeconomics, 3rd Edn, Prentice Hall, New York. Hoyt, W 2002, Basics of inventory control. Prentice Hall, New York Jacobs, R Chase R 2010, Operations and supply chain management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Melchiors, P, Dekker, R Kleijn, M 2000, Inventory rationing in an (s,Q) inventory model with lost sales and two demand classes, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 51, 111–122. De V ÃŒ ricourt, F, Karaesmen, F Dallery, Y 2002, Optimal stock allocation for a capacitated supply system, Management Science 48, 1486–1501. Muhlemann, A Lockyer, K 1992, Production and operations management, 6th Edn, Pit man, New York.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schroeder, R 1993, Operations management: decision making in the operations function, 4th Edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York. Song, J Zipkin, P 2003, Supply chain operations: Assemble-to-order systems, In: A.G. de Kok, S.C. Graves (Eds.), Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, vol. 11, Elsevier, Amsterdam. This research paper on Inventory Control for Finished Goods in Manufacturing and in Services was written and submitted by user Adrianna Houston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

The Ever Changing Concept of Health Essay Example For Students

The Ever Changing Concept of Health Essay With the dominance of medicine over the past two hundred years many historical health concepts have gone through various changes. The definition of health is dependent on one’s perspective, be it lay, professional or from influences of specific cultures or social ideals and health policies of a particular time or place (Fleming Parker 2012, p.30, Naidoo Wills 2000). An exploration through history will reflect on the health philosophies of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Middle Age’s concept of quarantine and isolation and the religious theories of disease including a brief insight into the renaissance. Subsequently, a discussion of health concepts of the past two centuries including 19th century sanitary reform, the dominance in the 20th century of the medical model of health care. This paper will look at the shift away from the medical model and the 21st century concept of health promotion and multidisciplinary care, using allied health professionals. I will argue that attention to the achievements and failures of the historical concepts of health, equips allied health professionals with an opportunity to objectively decide which of these practices have relevance or are useful in developing new approaches for positive health outcomes. In ancient times religion and science were tied in together when it came to health and everyday living. The ruins throughout Greece and Italy stand as testament to their ingenuity with creating and building infrastructure, but also of the people’s belief in the power and influence of the ancient Gods to heal illness (Krieger 2012, p.47, Hays 1998, p.9). According to Tountas (2009) the ancient Greeks were the first to break with mystical notions of health re-orienting ‘medicine toward a more naturalistic and humanistic perspective’ to define health as ‘equilibrium between man and his environment’. The Greek scholar Hippocrates’ (c.460BC–c.370BC), defined the humoral conception of health, , with the balance of these being responsible for health, interacting together with lifestyle and environment, including individual constitution, clean air, diet and clean water. He noted in his writings, regarding the workers and slaves, that neglect of diet affected their health, yet, work was not considered an influencing factor on humoral balance (Tountas 2009, p.186-187, Fleming Parker 2012, p.28, Turner 2000, p.13, Krieger, pp.43-44, Noviik and morrow, 2008, p.5). Others such as Empedocles, Aristotle and later Galen extended Hippocratic humoral theory to link other elements (Hays 2009, pp.9-13). No matter which variation, these theories were an attempt to rationalise individual incidents of sickness and the differences in health status in the populace in relation to ‘underlying principles and environmental exposures’ (Krieger, p.46). According to Krieger (2011, p.47) Greek politics had influence stating ‘not only nature but politics informed the conceptualization of â€Å"balance† in Greek humoral theory’. Tountas (2009, p.187) noted that ancient Greek physicians were itinerant craftsmen, earning their reputation for skill from the successes of previous visits (Veith 1980, p.532). The diversity of their practice included leech craft, magic and what is known today as allied health professions including dietetics, nutrition, occupational therapy, health promotion and pharmacy (Tountas 2009, p.187, Turner 2007 p.13, Veith 1980, p.533). The ancient Greeks placed emphasis on the individual, with importance on personal hygiene, exercise, health education, as well as public health policy and physical, environmental and social factors (Tountas 2009, p.186, Fleming Parker 2012, p.28, Novik Morrow 2008, p.5) These ancient ideals were not altruistic but to benefit the elite and the military (Fleming Parker 2012, p.28). Ancient Roman philosophy was about the importance of the state, a population based approach with the social and financial benefits of keeping the public healthy. Their belief was, ill health was related to bad air, bad water, swamps, sewage, rubbish and poor personal hygiene. The Roman civilization is well known for engineering and administration systems. Applying these principles and taking measures for prevention and minimising risk of disease by the setting of policy, law and law enforcement, town planning to establish systems for sewerage, paving and guttering, aqueducts for clean water, public bath houses and rubbish removal (Fleming Parker 2012, p.28). Contrary to the practices of the ancients, medieval Europe was a time of filth, poverty, little education, pandemics and epidemics. The wisdom of the ancient understanding of the relationship between infrastructure, sanitation, hygiene, clean water, nutrition and health were disregarded (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Hays 1998, p.36). Disease was rampant, mortality rates escalated and life expectancy dropped. Many people traveling during crusades and wars, overcrowded populations and living conditions, lack of sanitation, infestations of vermin and commercial trade all contributed to the spreading of infectious disease. These factors lead to dysentery, diarrhoea and typhoid fever and influenced the spread of smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and the plague (Hays 1998, p.36). Cholera, pulmonary anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague flourished with the profusion of black rats that easily moved around spreading plague to other areas. The cause was unknown at the time with the current medical paradigm consisting of humours and miasma and people believing corrupted air transformed into sticky miasmas causing infection and death (Cipolla 1992, pp.2-5, Hays 1998, p.37). Italian cities were the first to set up health boards to deal with the problems caused by epidemics, temporary at first in 1348 with permanent boards formed by early 15th century. It was a critical move from makeshift actions toward prevention (Cipolla 1992, pp.1-2). These diseases spurred authorities to enforce law and reporting regulations and use the limited measures available quarantine, isolation, segregation and expulsion, these measures continued into the 19th century (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Novik Morrow 2008, p.6). The justification for these actions was based on perceptions that disease moved from place to place, possibly by imported goods and/or person-to-person contact. Without any real comprehension of disease processes and their spread, physicians held to the contagion theory of disease. Prevalent was a strong influence from religion and superstition. Before scientific understanding of the causation of disease or infection, sickness was seen as an indication of sins of the soul or straying from the path of righteousness, a ‘divine judgement’ from God, as a punishment or test (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Novik Morrow 2008, p.6, Turner 2000, p.14, Hays 1998, pp.15,28,36). Hays (1998, p.30) states that the ideas of the cause and cure of disease during the Middle Ages although coexisting uncomfortably included God’s will, contagion, individual responsibility and morality, heredity along with the ‘interaction of cultural beliefs and expectations’. By the Renaissance religion was still very influential. With the emergence of physicians, scientists and other academics explanations based on belief, religion and superstition were challenged. Reason and rational thought allowed for basic scientific investigation into the development and nature of disease. Poverty, poor sanitation, filth and overcrowding were a major part in the spread of disease and continued into the enlightenment (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Turner 2000, p.14, Hays 1998, p.89). Eventually a decline of religious, superstitious and monarchical dogma, gave way to scientific thinking during the Enlightenment, encouraging speculation and debate regarding the possible cause and cure of disease. Many beliefs coexisted, miasmic, contagious and Galenic theories but there were others (Hays 1998, p.130). With infectious disease as the principle cause of mortality and morbidity, science had a profound impact on health and medicine. (Yuil 2002, p.22-26). These scientific advances laid the foundations of modern philosophies, questioning the previous traditions. This was the beginning of the medical model of health and its dominance. (Yuil 2002, p.23, Fleming Parker 2012, p.29). .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .postImageUrl , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:visited , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:active { border:0!important; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:active , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wireless Technology Security Concept Paper We will write a custom essay on The Ever Changing Concept of Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The 19th century was an environmentalist era, from their economic and social ideals rose concerns for health and poverty (Berridge 1999, p.24). Infectious disease continued to be prevalent in both America and Europe, however, debate between contagion and miasmic theories on the cause of disease outbreaks continued. Connections to the influences of health, such as environmental and socio-economic factors were beginning. 19th century London physician John Snow demonstrated the connection between cholera and water when he removed a water pump handle and prevented the further spread of cholera. By 1851, microscopic analysis identified cholera in water supplied by unscrupulous companies. This highlights the conflict faced by public health with the power and profitability of political, legal and vested interests. (Vlahov et al. 2004, p.1134, Krieger 2011, pp.6671, Berridge 1999, p.23, Yuil 2002, p.22 Szreter 2005, p.27-28). This was a time of sanitary reform, the Shattuck Report of 1850 and the 1842 report on sanitary conditions†¦ by Edwin Chadwick, both recognising the connection between the filthy environment, poor sanitation, socio-economic factors and disease. Chadwick believed in the miasma theory and his ‘central premise was that filth breeds sickness, sickness breeds unemployment, a nd unemployment breeds poverty’ (Krieger 2011,p.72). Eventually leading to the Public health act 1848 directing local authorities to provide a sewer system, however, after two decades this had not occurred. From the 1860’s, with the power of the vote, elected civic leaders of a new generation recognised the need for investment in health amenities and social services and significant improvements in health began. (Krieger 2011,p.72, Szreter 2005, p.26-32). Australian legislation and sanitary reforms were based on British models. Although several health acts were passed during the 1800’s and early 1900’s they were ineffective. The initial measures of public health were limited to vaccination and quarantine. History reports there was a failure to acknowledge the reality of high infant mortality, typhoid, smallpox and plague epidemics (Bryder 1994, p.314-319). The 1918/19 influenza epidemic following First World War tested commonwealth powers of quarantine and provided the stimulus for of an effective health administration. However the 1920 reformed Department of Public Health was not very successful. The medical profession wielded power with regard to local health reform; being blamed for the failed attempt to reform maternity services. Over the years Doctors refused to co-operate with changes, only agreeing when it kept them in control (Bryder 1994, p.320-322). In the past infectious diseases were the main contributors to morbidity and mortality, although infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS and others need attention, the post war shift of the 20th and 21st centuries to chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, the principle causality is social, specifically, an unhealthy lifestyle (Yuil 2002, p.24). A multidisciplinary team of Allied health professionals are best placed to helping those with chronic disease. The 1974 Lalode report identified the determinants of health as lifestyle, environment, human biology and health care services. The dominant medical model of health has a biological basis, simplistically; no illness or disease equals health (Fleming Parker 2012), however this is changing as the World Health Organisation (WHO) takes a holistic view and defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being rather than a mere absence of disease or infirmity’ (World Health Organisation 1947). The emergence of health promotion has inspired changes in approach to health. The 1986 Ottawa charter, a foundational document for health promotion, recognises ‘health and its maintenance as a major social investment and challenge’. Raphael (1998) states ‘Health promotion is an ethical and principled discipline; it is because of its values-based approach that it is effective’. History shows that there is no direct link between economic growth and positive repercussions on health. While necessary, economic growth needs other factors such as political, social, and cultural, to transform the wealth created into improved health for the populace (Szreter 2005, p.29-30). As quoted in Scally and Womack (2004) of Marx and Engels ‘that ‘‘History does nothing, it †¦ fights no battles. It is †¦ real living man, who does everything†. According to Scally and Womack (2004) reflecting on history allows for the analysis of current practice and challenges, which can help professionals in questioning that which isn’t appropriate or applicable, for example a lesson learnt from history is the recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard. I have argued that attention to the achievements and failures of the historical concepts of health, equips allied health professionals with an opportunity to objectively decide which of these practices have relevance or are useful in developing new approaches for positive health outcomes. .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .postImageUrl , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:visited , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:active { border:0!important; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:active , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Self as a Writing Concept EssayWorks Cited Berridge, V 1999, ‘History in Public Health: a New Development for History?’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol.1, no.1, pp.23–35, viewed 12 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0441205 Berridge, V Gorsky, M 2004, ‘The importance of the past in public Health’, Journal Epidemiology Community Health, vol.58, no.9, pp.728–729, (online Discover it @CQUniversity Library). Berridge, V 2010, ‘Thinking in time: does health policy need history as evidence?’, The Lancet, vol.375, March 6, pp.798-799, viewed 26 March 2012, http://www.thelancet.com Bryder, L 1994, ‘Chapter 8: A new world? Two hundred years of public health in Australia and New Zealand’, in Porter, D (ed), The history of public health and the modern state , Editions Rodopi B. V, Amsterdam Atlanta, GA, CQUniversity course resources online (HLTH11027). Cipolla, CM1992, Miasmas and disease: public health and the environment in the pre-industrial age, e-book, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Flemming, ML Parker, E 2012, Introduction to public health, 2nd edn, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Australia, Chatswood. Irwin, A Scali, E 2007, ‘Action on the social determinants of health: A historical perspective’, Global Public Health, vol. 2, no.3 pp.235-256, (online Discover it @ CQUniversity Library). Hays,JN 2009, The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history, e-book, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, United States, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Henderson-Wilson, C 2012, ‘Chapter 12: Health as a social construct’, in Liamputtong, P, Fanany, R Verrinder, G (eds), Health, Illness, and Well-being: perspectives and social determinants, pp.195-212, Oxford University Press, Australia, South Melbourne, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Krieger, N 2011, Epidemiology and the people’s health: theory and context, e-book, Oxford University Press inc, New York, available at http://190.25.230.148:8080//index.php?phocadownloaddownload Lalonde, M 1974, ‘A new perspective on the health of Canadians: a working document’, Canadian Government, viewed 14 April 2012, http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/index-eng.php Lewis, MJ 2003, ‘Toward a social conception of health’, in M Lewis The People’s Health: public health in Australia, 1950 to the Present, pp. 1-9, Contributions in Medical Studies, vol.2, no.49, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Naidoo, J Wills, J 2000, Health promotion: Foundations for practice, e-book, Baillià ¨re Tindall, Elsevier, Edinburgh, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Naidoo, J Wills, J 2009, ‘Chapter 2: Influences on health’, in Naidoo, J and Wills, J, Foundations for health promotion, pp.17-33, 3rd edn, Baillià ¨re Tindall, Elsevier, Edinburgh, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Novik, LF, Morrow, CB 2008, ‘Chapter 1: Defining public health: historical and contemporary developments’, in Novik, LF, Morrow, CB and Mays, GP, Public health administration: principles for population-based management, 2nd edn, pp1-34, Jones and Bartlett publishers inc, London, available at http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763738425/38425_00FM_i_xxiv.pdf. O’Donnell, MP 2009, ‘Editors Notes’, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.24, no.1, p.iv, (online Discover it @ CQuniversity). Porter, D 1999, ‘Changing Definitions of the History of Public Health’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol.1 no.1, pp.9–21, viewed 3 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.00119 Raphael, D 1998, ‘Public health responses to health inequalities’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol.89, no.6, pp.380-381, viewed 14 April 2012, http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/1135/1135 Scally, G Womack, J 2004, ‘The importance of the past in public health’, Journal Epidemiology Community Health, vol.58, no.9, pp.751–755, (online Discover it @ CQUniversity Library). Szreter, S 2004, ‘Health, Economy, State and Society in Modern Britain’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol. 4, no.1, pp.205–227, viewed 3 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0441205 Szreter, S 2005, ‘Chapter 2: The population health Approach in historical Perspective’ in S Szreter, Health and wealth: studies in history and policy pp.21–45, University of Rochester Press, Woodbridge, CQUniversity course resources online (HLTH11027). Taylor, S, Foster, M Fleming, J (eds) 2010, Health care practice in Australia: policy, context and innovations, Oxford University Press, Australia, South Melbourne. Tountas, Y 2009, ‘The historical origins of the basic concepts of health promotion and education: the role of ancient Greek philosophy and medicine’, Health Promotion International, vol.24, no.2, pp.185-192, viewed 15 April 2012, http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/ Turner, BS 2000, ‘The history of the changing concepts of health and illness: outline of a general model of illness categories’ in GL, Albrecht, R, Fitzpatrick, SC, Scrimshaw (ed). 2003, The handbook of social studies of health and medicine, pp. 9-23, Sage publications, London, available at http://books.google.com.au Veith, I 1980, ‘Changing concepts of health care: An historians View’ Western Journal Medicine, vol.133, no.6, pp.532-538 Vlahov, D, Gibble, E, Freudenberg, N Galea, S 2004, ‘Cities and Health: history, Approaches, Academic medicine, vol.79, no.12 World Health Organization (WHO) 1986, The Ottawa charter for health promotion, Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association. http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf Yuil, C 2002, ‘Concepts of health and medicine’ in Barry, A and Yuil, C 2008, Understanding the sociology of health: an introduction 2nd ed, pp.22-33, Sage publications Ltd, London, available at http://books.google.com.au

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Toothpick Bridges essays

Toothpick Bridges essays Building a toothpick bridge is much more complicated than many people realize. In order to build a successful bridge, one must research bridges in order to find which bridge is the best in a particular situation. There are several types of bridges and all of them have different places in which they will be used. Some bridges are used to span across a small freeway, others are used to span across a deep gorge, and other bridges are used to cover over a huge water way. A person must design the perfect bridge in order to hold the desired weight for the bridge. Even the top skilled architects make mistakes while designing a bridge. Although bridges often go ignored, their purpose is essential to modern America. In the 1850s, covered wagons heading west had to move across streams or rivers. Without the right bridges in place, the pioneers would sometimes travel many miles out of the way to find a safe place to cross a river. Other times they waited for days or weeks for flooded rivers to go down until it was safe to cross. Crossing rivers was a dangerous part of early travel. Narrow wheels sank into the muddy river bottoms and unpredictable currents took peoples lives and property. Consider how long it would take to cross a river today if bridges were not included in the roads. Consider how the movement of people, goods, and services would be affected without highway systems, which include bridges. The entire American economy as we know it would be hurt greatly. There are six basic modern bridge forms: the beam, the truss, the arch, the cantilever, the cable-stay, and the suspension. A beam bridge is made of long timber, metal, or concrete beams anchored at each end. If the beams are arranged in triangles, so that each shares only a portion of the weight on any part of the structure, the result is a truss bridge. An arch bridge has a curved shape causing the vertical force of the weight it carries to produce a horizontal...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom Thesis Proposal

Public Service Broadcasters in the United Kingdom - Thesis Proposal Example The outcome of the research paper will reveal the requirement for both political independence and political accountability of public service broadcasters in the U.K., the part played by regulators in ensuring these partially conflicting aims, and whether they have been able to achieve their objectives. A comparative perspective will be provided by comparing and contrasting the U.K. experience with that of another country. There are over ten statutory and self-regulatory bodies for media and communications in the UK (Collins and Murroni 1996). To support policy making with specific aims and techniques, meaningful rationales for regulatory interventions have to be determined (Harcourt 2005). There is a requirement for content regulation by Ofcom’s â€Å"Content Board† established by the 2003 Act (Open Society Institute 2009), and for economic regulation of public service broadcasting because of technological The main goal of public broadcasting is to engage viewers and listeners in a dialogue about public life. General characterization of the audiences (Freedman 2008), and a need for Independent of government or vested interests, public broadcasting aims to develop the concept of a shared public life correlating with national or regional communities. Broadcasters committed to quality and creativity contribute to social healing and provide information as well as enjoyment. A profoundly democratic phenomenon through which public opinion is expressed and established (Tracey 1998). Hutchison (1999) emphasizes the function of media policy towards maintaining broadcasting freedom, democracy, the enlightenment of the public, as well protecting the state, the citizen and the society. Various critiques about public service broadcasting include the fact that because of independent television, the BBC is unable to get the audience it requires to justify its license fee monopoly (Franklin 2001).  

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Health and Safety Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety Management - Assignment Example It is important to emphasize to employees that they can talk freely about health and safety and that they have an assessable system in place that provides an open transparent conduit by which they can voice their concerns. It is important to provide a formal, scheduled meeting, or even an ad hoc open session to receive regular feedback.   Simple forms posted on bulletin board announcing discussions on health and safety issues are encouraged.   Each day, an average of 9,000 U.S. workers sustain disabling injuries on the job, 17 workers die from an injury sustained at work, and 137 workers die from work-related diseases. The economic burden of this continuing toll is high. Data from federal studies published in 1997 showed that in 1992, direct and indirect costs of occupational injuries and illnesses totaled $171 billion. These costs are compared to costs for other major health problems in the chart at the top of the next page. The function and purpose of regulations are to give details of requirements that must be observed in the workplace.   Regulations are the second tier of current legislation. While they are subordinate to the existing laws, they still represent legal requirements, and failure to comply will generally be an offence punishable by a fine. The Act (Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995, is about making workplaces and work practices safer for everyone.) (The State of Queensland (Department of Employment and Industrial Relations) 2006. broadly outlines the legal obligations employers and workers have to workplace health and safety. The Regulations set out goals for meeting these legal obligations and making workplaces safe.   Employers and workers can tailor safety measures to the needs of individual workplaces provided the outcomes specified in the Regulations are achieved.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

A paper about Cosmology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A paper about Cosmology - Essay Example These were the sought markers that put the Bang in the inflation theory in an anti-gravitational swelling that began trillionths of a second after the cosmic clock started kicking (Overbye n.d.). Kovac, the lead astrologer while speaking to the New York Times reaffirmed them that the results indicated by the bicep telescope were accurate with a one in ten million chance of being a fluke (Overbye n.d.). Systematic contamination was much smaller as indicated by Jackknife tests and simulations than the observed excess. Available models of polarized dust emission were also examined, indicating that they predict power ∠¼ (5−10) Ãâ€" which is lesser than the excess signal. However, not all possibilities relating to dust emission are analyzed by these models sufficiently (Ade et al., â€Å"bicep 1† 5). This was meant to reassure people who had doubts related to the data and calling for confirmation of the results. This came as a result of exceeding expectations based on earlier estimates on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space. The experiment not only provided first clues of forces that facilitated space and time, but also confirmed that the universe inflated dramatically (Whitney n.d.). The South Pole based research presented the first images of gravitational waves or ripples in space-time. First images of gravitational waves are exciting news said Cao-Lin Kuo while speaking to Stanford News. Stanford news further explains that gravitational waves squeeze space as they travel producing distinct patterns in the cosmic microwave background (n.d.). To acquire these images, the team examined spatial scales on the sky spanning about 1 to 5 degrees (Whitney n.d.). Through this, the researchers were able to gather more evidence that had seemed impossible. According to jet propulsion laboratory the gravitational waves produced a characteristic

Friday, November 15, 2019

Focusing on A Child’s Right To Play

Focusing on A Child’s Right To Play The focus of this review will concentrate on addressing the issues and concepts surrounding the subject of Outdoor Provision in the Early Years setting. The review will begin by looking at the current literature supporting the suggestion that play has been identified as an essential part of early childhood education, touching on recent educational literature as well as a look at past theorists views and how this has affected early years practice to the present day. The review will then follow on from this with the main body of the essay discussing the literature and research on the outdoor environment within the early years setting focusing on the positive and negative areas surrounding the topic. In order to accomplish this, the review will analyse and synthesise current educational literature surrounding the main issues and ideas on the outdoors. In relation to the outdoors, the review will also touch upon issues raised regarding the relationship between the outdoor environment and boys attainment and the importance of equal opportunities within early years settings. The review will conclude with reference to all of the findings from recent educational literature relating to the outdoors and the issues and ideas surrounding it. Play is the highest expression of human development in childhood, for it alone is the free expression of what is in a childs soul(Fredrich Froebel n/d) Introduction It has been continually reported and researched, that we expect too much too soon from our young children today. Early Years Practitioners are under pressure from government statistics and league tables to conform to a formal style of teaching too early, but how do we resist top down curriculum pressure? The time given to childhood is continually being eroded as children are rushed towards the adult world. Rather than being receivers of information, young children need to enjoy the experience of discovery, so that they can apply knowledge, concepts and skills, and take calculated risks in a structured rather than a directed environment. In all activities children need to play. (Warden 1999). Have we forgotten about the importance of childhood, the importance of Play? Surely it is impossible to stop children from playing? Such a strong natural drive must have a function. The disappearance of childhood is a contemporary phenomenon arising from a disappearing understanding of the true needs of early childhood (Lynne Oldfield, 2001: 5) Play has always been a topic under debate among educators and not only in the present day, as there are also vast amounts of research from past educational theorists that both support and challenge the idea. Someone once wrote that defining play is like looking for crocks of gold at the end of a rainbow, which seems like an appropriate definition. Play has been defined in various different ways by different theorists and throughout history philosophers and theorists have watched and questioned play. As far back as the 18th century Froebel was highly aware of the role of environmental influences in determining the full realisation of the childs potential and his respect for childrens play was profound; Playing is the self education of the child (Froebel 1815). Also in the 18th century Rousseaus work had its emphasis on freedom for children which was later criticised for encouraging parents to allow their children to be noisy, undisciplined and unkempt. His writing was said to be responsible for this provoking, obstinate, insolent, impudent, arrogant generation. Almost 300 years later this sounds all too familiar. By letting our children play are we creating destructive members of the community or are we helping them to become independent, confident and capable learners? Susan Isaacs theory would definitely agree with the latter of the two statements, in the 1920s and 30s. Isaacs developed both a curriculum and a means of understanding young childrens development based on her observations of their play. She wrote that, Play is a means of living and of understanding life. Neuroscientist, Susan Greenfield, (1996) also lends support to this view when she writes, Play is fun with serious consequences. The early years writer, Tina Bruce, also defines play as something involving choice and firsthand experience. ( Tina Bruce 2001) . Although research about play based learning has been rife since the 17th century, it is only within the last few years that the government has recognised its importance and incorporated it into the curriculum as an essential part of early years, Playing allows children to develop a sense of well being; develops their emotional responses and improves their interpersonal skills. It involves exploration and creativity, helping children think in a flexible manner, developing the creative process, language skills and learning and problem skills. (DCSF, 2008). Government documentation has not only highlighted the importance of a play based curriculum but also the importance of the outdoor environment. It states that all settings should provide continuous outdoor provision for all children (EFYS 2008). It is here that we move on to the importance of the outdoors as an extension to the play within the early years. Young children should be outdoors as much as indoors and need a well-designed, well-organised and integrated indoor-outdoor environment, preferably with indoors and outdoors available simultaneously (The Shared Vision Values for Outdoor Play in the Early Years, 2004) Drake looks at the work of other early years professionals and she identifies the outside area as a valuable resource that should be viewed as an extension of the whole setting in which all other areas of provision can be set upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Drake 2001:3). Later these findings were also supported by Helen Bilton in an early years education lecture where she stated, The outdoor area is a complete learning environment, which caters for all childrens needs cognitive, linguistic, emotional, social and physical. It should be available every day alongside the indoor class and throughout the year. (Helen Bilton 2010). Claire Warden is also of the same opinion as the author of Nurture through Nature, uniting together play and the outdoors: Play is the means through which children find stimulation, well being and happiness, and is the means through which they grow physically, intellectually and emotionally. Play is the most important thing for children to do outside and the most relevant way of offering learning outdoors.(Warden 2008) The outdoor environment In Sept 2008 the EYFS was introduced as a government policy document which stated, A rich and varied environment supports childrens learning and development. It gives them confidence to explore and learn in secure and safe, yet challenging indoor and outdoor spaces (EYFS Commitment 3:3). The debate about the outdoors and its importance within the early years has been discussed widely and is rarely out of the media. Not only has this been identified as an essential part of childhood education since the 18th Century but there had also been extensive research and literature produced to confirm its value and not just of opinion, but scientific research. The debate is not any more about whether or not the outdoors has a positive effect on childhood as this question has already been answered in abundance, but we still have to question how and why does it have a positive effect on childrens early years education and what are the potential benefits for learning outdoors Nurture through Nature?. What better way to get a good perspective of the benefits of the outdoors than to ask the children themselves? Young children are spending increasing amounts of time in educational settings which then places a big responsibility on the early years practitioners and the learning opportunities they provide, but what do children think about the outdoor environment? In conjunction with the Every Child Matters document which maintains an emphasis on listening to children, a research project, Mosaic was initiated to find out. It was found through observations that children thought that their outdoor environment was very important. In surveys with young children, particularly those carried out to inform the development of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) framework, being outdoors always comes out at the top of their priorities and favorite things in nursery. The special nature of the outdoors seems to fulfill the way young children want to play, learn and develop in so many ways. Perhaps this is why children love to be outside so much! It certainly gives a strong rationale and justification for developing rich outdoor provision and providing as much access to it as possible. Creating environments to support boys learning The importance of the outdoor environment in the early years has already been firmly recognised, but some aspects of it in particular seem to support boys more in their natural learning styles. One of the issues raised within the early years over the last few years has been the underachievement of boys compared to girls. There have been various reasons addressed and researched but something which comes up frequently in current literature is the question Are we planning the correct environments to support boys styles of learning? As a result of this apparent lack of achievement, research had been undertaken to find out the ways in which boys learn and there has been strong evidence to suggest that learning and playing in the outdoor environment will help in raising boys attainment. Bilton supports the view by stating, Boys brains develop in a different sequence to girls and this could have some bearing on teaching and learning. Boys develop concepts of movement and space first so it makes sense for teaching and learning to take place in an environment such as the outdoors (Bilton 2002:73). Boys are no less able than girls, so it seems to fall at the feet of the professionals in the early years. Are practitioners knowledgeable enough about the differing gender learning styles to offer a fair and accessible curriculum to all children? In the early years foundation stage booklet it states that, All children, irrespective of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties or disabilities, gender or ability should have the opportunity to experience a challenging and enjoyable programme of learning and development .(EYFS Statutory Guidance 2008) Contrary to the government statutory guidelines, boys were still underachieving which sparked a new government research document to be produced, Confident, Capable and Creative: Supporting boys achievements. This document supports the ideas that the problem lies at the feet of the professionals in proving the incorrect type of learning opportunities, Are we planning experiences for boys that build on their interests and value their strengths as active learners and problem solvers or are we simply expecting them to be compliant, passive recipients of new skills and knowledge (DCSF 2007). This was also recognised by Ofsted in 2007 when it was published: Ofsted has specifically highlighted the need to make early years provision more boy friendly and help them to achieve more rapidly by providing activities for learning that engages them. (Ofsted 2007). The importance of the outdoors is therefore even more crucial when looking at the future of our boys attainment. Are boys developing a negative image of themselves as learners because professionals are providing the wrong learning opportunities? So what does the outdoor environment give to boys that the inside environment does not? Helen Bilton has researched boys and the outdoors significantly and she writes that, The outdoor environment could play a central role in helping boys. They are more interested in movement, exploration and action and this type of activity occurs for the most part in the outdoor area. (Bilton 2002: 73) Smith et al.(2003) outlines the psychological perspective on gender which concurs with Biltons views on boys that even though boys and girls share interests there is evidence of clear play preferences by 3 or 4 years old. Boys are more likely to enjoy play that is more active and need more space. (Smith et al 2003). As the outdoors is a perfect place for facilitating activities which encourage movement and multi sensory experiences it tends to support boys natural learning styles. Resources and equipment that encourage children to solve problems and overcome challenges through exploration seems to be the ideal method for engaging the interests of boys. To support these views Sarah Gharremani writes Research shows the outdoors may be able to provide for boys the activities and experiences that will help them achieve. (Nursery World 2009) Although the research mostly supports the benefits of the outdoors for boys some research has shown that it can have a negative effect on the learning environment. (McNaughton 2000) argues that, During free play boys regularly use physical power to control spaces. Although this seems to be part of learning what it means to be a boy, this kind of behaviour can have negative consequences for girls. The difficulty lies in being able to control the behaviour of boys in the outdoor environment and the danger lies in the possibility of adults and children seeing the outdoor environment as being boys territory. Not only this, but there also lies the danger of reinforcing stereotypes to very young children and maybe conveying the message that active and explorative play is for boys and not for the equally curious and creative girls. What is the role of the practitioner outdoors? We believe that every young person should experience the world beyond the classroom as an essential part of learning and personal development and that these experiences make a unique contribution to young children lives. (DfES 2005: 11) Even though the government policy documents are constantly informing us that children are required to have access to an outdoor learning environment, it is not always as simple as just providing an outdoor area. Issues that have surfaced have been the confusion surrounding the role of the practitioner in the outside environment. Although the Effective Provision of Preschool Education (EPPE) research identifies the outdoors as being a great place for practitioners to engage with children in sustain shared thinking. Sustained thinking occurs when two or more individuals work together in an intellectual way to solve a problem, clarify a concept, evaluate an activity etc. Both parties must contribute to the thinking and it must develop and extend the understanding. (Siraj-Blatchford et al 2004). The counter argument is that the outdoor environment is supposed to provide children with the opportunity for private space and opportunity to just be a child. Questions are raised about how prac titioners are trained for the role of the adult in the outdoor environment and whether or not we are providing children with the correct sort of learning opportunities or do we comprise childrens learning with our actions? Working in both indoor and outdoor environments practitioners are required to provide a balance between child initiated activities and adult directed roles but not all practitioners find it easy to convert to a complete child initiated play when looking at the outdoors.Adult interaction is the hardest aspect to teach in training, knowing when to be near, to offer space, or a challenge, seems to come from within a sensitive, knowledgeable adult (Warden 2007:18) When teachers are used to working with a pre-determined curriculum, is it a simple task to ask teachers to allow the children to lead their own learning or does this type of teaching require training and more understanding? A paper written by Maynard also questions this idea when she writes any assumption that all teachers will find it easy to let go and allow children to take the lead in their learning is both simplistic and overly optimistic (Maynard 2007:207) The findings of the foundation stage pilot phase verified these do ubts to be correct as they found that practitioners were unclear as to what exactly is meant by the term active learning, outdoor classroom and even play. The role of the practitioner is so important to the success of the outdoor environment that if managed incorrectly it could have adverse effects on the setting. This view is also demonstrated when Jan White writes Practitioner attitudes, understanding and commitment, comfort, confidence and competence are all crucial aspects of successful outdoor provision. Practitioners having a good understanding of their role outside contributes significantly to sharing childrens pleasure in being outside. (Jan White 2008: 9) It is essential therefore that adults understand the benefits and potential the outdoors has on the learning and development of young people. If practitioners do not have the understanding and enthusiasm then this will have a negative effect on the leaning potentials, it is only when outdoor play is seen as a crucial part of early years education that it will be well provided for and in turn be successful. As McMillan(1930) argues, the success of childrens learning rests with the teacher. These findings were supported by theorist Bruner (1987 cited in Bilton 2008) as he talks about the interactionist approach which places a responsibility on adults to make sure children have a partnership role. The staff role therefore involves bringing the children, environment and curriculum together. (Bruner 1987) The presence of the adult is therefore essential as Vygotskys work on the zone of proximal development also supports a child on the edge of learning a new concept can benefit from intera ction with a teacher. We as adults can therefore effect childrens development to its detriment or to good effect (Bilton 2010) Importance of Risk taking Another issue surrounding the debate about the outdoor environment which gets discussed a lot is the concern of the potential risks of this type of environment. Is it important for practitioners to give children the opportunity to take risks and make their own mistakes and learn from them or is it our job to protect them from anything that may be seen as a potential risk? (Gill cited in Bilton 2007:10) argues that childhood is becoming undermined by risk aversion and this echos a sentiment expressed by (Cunningham 2006) that adults are interfering too much with childhood. We need to give our children the opportunity to experience risk and self regulate their own safely or how else are they going to learn these skills? The royal society for the prevention of accidents (RoSPA) argues that children need challenges, It is essential to their healthy growth and development. Children need to learn about risk, about their own capabilities and to develop the mechanism for judging it in contro lled settings. (Cook and Heseltine 1999:4) The outdoor environment seems to be the perfect place to allow children the freedom to partake in potential risk taking play. Although literature around this subject is rarely seen as taking a positive attitude towards it, there have been research projects which have shown the potential links between childrens physical risk taking behaviour, the later development of risk management strategies and positive dispositions to learning have been suggested (Smith 1998 Stephenson 2003). Practitioners expect children to make all of the right choices in so many different areas of life e.g. when to be kind, when to share etc. So why do we feel the need to take away the opportunity to make decisions about danger and risk? Can four year olds make such informed decisions about their lives? Can over protection from risk inhibit development? It is argued that taking risks can have a positive effect on the learning development of young children. Many current researchers (Ball 2002: Gill 2007: Hughes 2001) argue for the developmental benefits of risk in the outdoors through play. Ball notes that because the future benefits of play and risk in play cannot be measured with our theoretical models, they are not appropriately considered. But is it not risk that provides children with the opportunity to learn the important skills needed in adulthood? If we are to use the outdoor environment as a classroom to enrich the learning experience, surely we cannot put barriers on experiences which will help children to grow and develop. By providing access to the outdoor environment you can in hand provide children with the opportunity to take risks, but with the rising culture of fear, it proves a more difficult task than once thought. Numerous writers have claimed that there needs to be more recognition placed on the positive outcomes of risky activities such as the development of self-esteem and self- confidence. (Lindon 1999: Stephenson 2003) One element of outdoor education which emphasises its ability to fulfill these elements of child development is the forest school approach, an approach which started originally in Scandinavia but shows more evidence of the benefits of the outdoors and risk taking. What makes forest school unique is its emphasis on learning outside in the ever changing environment and the ability to let children take risks and to access risks for themselves. Not only does this environment provide children with opportunity to develop skills in risk evaluation but also build up self-esteem and confidence when encountering situations and tasks which are new and unexplored. Although Dewey (1938,78) states that, children need teachers to decide what is safe and also developmentally safe for them, this is contradicted by a lot of research showing that if we give children the independence of their own learning and development they will become creative and confident learners in the future. Many theorists and researchers have agreed with this point and even though there maybe some negatives of providing children with risks, the benefits seem to outweigh the negatives. It is only when the environment that we set up for children enables them to be adventurous and show physical and social courage that children can begin to understand themselves and others, (Ouvry 2005) Conclusion Opinions and debates on the outdoor environment are vast and plenty with researchers and theorists studying every aspect of how and why the outdoor environment is a positive element of childrens early education. Having reviewed various sources of information it can be concluded that the outdoors has a significant impact on boys and their learning development. By understanding more about the ways that boys learn we are able to see that the elements of the outdoor environment can support the development of boys in order for them to achieve well and improve their attainment. It would appear that a grey area in need of attention is the role of the adult in an outdoor environment. The evidence and research favors the suggestion that practitioners are there for the children as a scaffold to their learning rather than getting heavily involved in any learning activities. Although this seems to be something which a lot of practitioners are unsure of, if settings are going to be able to provide an outdoor environment to its full potential, then a better understanding of the elements that work best are in need of being put in place. A better understanding on how to be a supportive adult in the outdoor environment needs to be clarified and then practitioners will be able to provide the best possible learning experiences for young children. Risk taking is always something which will come under great scrutiny as childrens safely is always of up most importance. However, a better understanding of the benefits of allowing children to take risks and make their own choices needs to be addressed. Unfortunately we are at risk of protecting our children from meeting any real opportunities for risk or challenge which will in turn affect their emotional and physical development. The over whelming evidence is that risk taking contributes to the personal traits and abilities of children and by not allowing them the opportunities to do this we are ultimately stemming their development. The biggest risk in the environment of young children is when there is no risk, because this unavoidably leads to risk adverse, inexperienced and unconfident young children. (Judith Horvath 2010: 23) Throughout this review various aspects of childrens play has been discussed, but the one thing that seems to be echoed throughout the review is the importance of play and outdoor education. There seems to be something which the outdoor environment can provide children with that we cannot mirror in our indoor environment. Something that nature and space can give our children that we cannot replicate. Children seem to be instinctively drawn towards the outdoors. Could it be that they already have the knowledge of what this environment can provide? An environment which is a natural learning environment where children feel settled and capable. An environment where children are able to gain confidence in what they can do as well as feeling the benefits of being healthy and active. An environment which provides many opportunities to experience risk, exploration and adventure. An environment which provides a connection between the nurturing aspects of nature and human beings. Children learn through their senses, so it is of no surprise that nature can fully engage children in a way that is wonderful to behold.(Warden 2007: 8) We dont stop playing because we grow old; we grow old because we stop playing. (George Bernard Shaw 1925) References Books Bilton, H. (2010) Outdoor learning in the Early Years: Management and Innovation Third Edition Oxon: Routledge Bruce,T. (2005) Early Childhood education, 3rd edition London:Hodder Arnold DCSF (2008) Design for play: A guide to creating successful play spaces London: DCSF Publications DCSF (2008) Practice Guidance for the Early Years Foundation Stage Nottingham:DCSF DCSF (2008) The Early Years Foundation Stage: Setting the standards for learning, development and care for children from birth to five Nottingham:DCSF DfES (2004) Every Child Matters:Change for children London: DfES Drake,J. (2004) Planning Childrens play and learning in the foundation stage London:David Fulton Garrick, R. (2009) Playing Outdoors in the Early Years London: Continuum International Gill, T. (2008) Space orientated childrens policy: Creating child friendly communities to improve children well being, Children and Society Gleave, J (2008) Risk and Play: A literature review London: Playday Isaacs, S. (1932) The Nursery years: The mind of the child from birth to six years. London: Routledge Mooney, C.G. (2000) Theories of Childhood:An Introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erikson, Piaget and Vygotsky: Red Leaf Press Ofsted (2003) The education of six year old in England London: Ofsted Ofsted (2008) Early Years leading to excellence (online) Ouvry, M (2003) Exercising muscles and minds: outdoor play and the early years curriculum:National Childrens Bureau Siraj,Blachford, J. (2003) Supporting information communication technology in the early years Bunckingham:Open University White, J. (2009) Playing and Learning Outdoors:Making Provision for high quality experiences in the outdoor environment Oxon: Routledge Warden, C. (2007)Nurture through Nature London: Mind stretchers Warden, C. (2007) The potential of a puddle London: Mind stretchers Journals and Magazines Early Years Educator (2010) Taking acceptable risks Volume 12 No 7 pp.21-23 Early Years Educator (2009) Boys will be boys Volume 11 No 7 pp. 27- 30 Gill, H. (2007) Wild woods or urban jungle: playing it safe or freedom to roam. Education 3-13, November 2007, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 321-332, ISSN: 0300-4279. Hope-Gill, Austin-Rebecca, Dismore-Harriet, Hammond-Sue, Whyte-Terry. Gleave, J. (2008) Risk and Play: A literature Review London: Playday Hyne, S. (2003) Play as a vehicle for learning in the foundation stage. Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Student Conference, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 10 September 2003. 2003, pp. 18. Maynard, T. (2007) Encounters with forest school and Foucault:A risky business, in education 3-13 pp.379-91 Maynard, T. (2007) Learning in the outdoor environment: a missed opportunity, Early Years, 27 pp.255-65 Siraj,Blachford, J.(2004) Researching pedagogy in English pre schools, British educational Journal 30 pp.713-30 Waite, S. (2007) Memories are made of this: some reflections on outdoor learning and recall. Education 3-13, November 2007, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 333-347, Waller, T. (2007) The Trampoline Tree and the Swamp Monster with 18 heads: outdoor play in the Foundation Stage and Foundation Phase. Education 3-13, November 2007, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 393-407, ISSN: 0300-4279. Waters, J. (2007) Supporting the development of risk-taking behaviours in the early years: an exploratory study. Education 3-13, November 2007, vol. 35, no. 4, p. 365-377, ISSN: 0300-4279.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Chinese Immigration to United States Essay -- Immigration

There were many reasons for the Chinese to come to America. Overcrowding, poverty, war, and other catastrophes in China were all reasons (push) for traveling to America, as well as effective external influences. The discovery of gold was a major pull for Chinese peasants in coming to the West Coast. America's labor needs were the most important external catalyst for immigration. However, there were very few ways of traveling to the United States. With loans from the Six Companies, Chinese were able to afford fare to America, and they traveled here to work primarily as gold miners, fishermen, or agricultural workers; later settling into laundry services and restaurant work (Tsai, China overseas 12-13). In order to cultivate and develop the vast amount of Western land and resources they had obtained, develop industry, and build a rail system for transportation and communication, and to create a network of communication with China, Americans were searching for labor, people to carry out these tasks. The hard-working nature of Chinese made them natural targets for such laborious tasks, and this helped create a pull for the Chinese willing to travel to America for work (Tsai, China overseas 12). An entrepreneur by the name of Elmer C. Sandmeyer saw transportation companies as a powerful promotional influence. The transportation of Chinese laborers between Hong Kong and San Francisco accompanied by high passenger rates allowed American ship owners to make a nice profit (Tsai, China overseas 12-13). The Six Companies played a large part in this process, as a benevolent organization that was devoted to helping immigrants, the sick and poor, and conveying the bodies of dead persons back to china. Immigrants who were too poor to pay t... ...ing the year 1852 alone, thirty thousand Chinese who embarked at Hong Kong for San Francisco paid $1,300,000 for the voyage. At the beginning of 1856, William Speer calculated that all Chinese in California had paid a total of $2,329,580 for the trip" (Tsai, China overseas 13). Frequently exploited by American capitalists, Chinese laborers were whipped to dig in gold mines, build railroads, and plant crops. Industry boomed in Western America as the Chinese toiled ceaselessly. Free immigration was suggested by the United States in the 1868 Burlingame Treaty because of the need for labor in America and the potential benefits of trading with the Chinese. Labor was cheap, and many forms of fraud and propaganda were employed to bring Chinese laborers to the United States. The discovery of gold was also very beneficial in enticing the Chinese (Tsai, China overseas 13).

Sunday, November 10, 2019

A Relaxing Place

A Relaxing Place A relaxing place for me would be my house. There is no place like home. Home is where you can do what you want in privacy. You can wear what you want, say or do what you want. You don’t have to do anything. A person can really relax better in their home. Most would go somewhere special but I choose home. At home you can sleep all day and not have to worry about anything, just lay there and be lazy. You can relax in your own bedroom better than any place in the world. You have what you want in there for you. When you are home you feel safe, and like no one can ruin your good mood.You are in your own space and you are on your own time. It is better when you have a friend at your house. It makes it a lot more fun and relaxing. You have someone to do things with rather than sit and be bored. Sometimes you want to be alone but other times when your home you would like to have someone to be with you. When you go out and do things with them, you get tired then you ca n go in your house and just relax. You really couldn’t do it anywhere else without feeling like something is missing. It is a lot more fun when you can just sit and relax, or go and have fun with someone at your house.Although some people say that going to other places to relax is better than home, I still think that home is so much better. At other places you will be bothered by others, but not at your own home. You can go in your room and not be disturbed. Some say that they like to go to the public places, if you stay at home, you can have more privacy. Home is where you can go at any time to just relax and you don’t have to be disturbed. To conclude my essay, I would have to say that home is the best relaxing place you could ever go.Everyone goes to other places and they say they are relaxed, but if you just want to be alone and not hear any noise, home is the place to be. So if people tell you to go on vacation and it will be the perfect relaxing place, just think about home. You can never get tired of your own home, I never do anyways. It is the perfect place and you have what you need right there. There is no other place that you already have what you want out for you, at home you have your bed, family and your things, Home is truly the best relaxing place to be.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Black Masculinity Essay Essay Example

Black Masculinity Essay Essay Example Black Masculinity Essay Essay Black Masculinity Essay Essay Essay Topic: Black Boy The Beast in the Jungle What is an cultural group? An cultural group is a human population whose members identify with each other. normally on the footing of a presumed common family tree or lineage. These cultural groups are normally united by shared cultural values. common Fieldss of communicating. or spiritual patterns. So possibly the theory of Black maleness can be considered an cultural group. There is the obvious factors of being ‘Black’ and ‘male’ that connects these members in this group ; they have skin colour and gender in common. Possibly this cultural group has come together to be more so merely a group who have race and gender in common. It goes beyond that and Black maleness has members who are non ‘Black’ . Possibly this inquiries if history. lineage. and family tree are factored in when going a members of a group. But will these members be genuinely accepted in the cult of Black maleness. Within the dominant civilization African American work forces have developed their ain sense of individuality. These work forces have integrated themselves into American society making a civilization of their ain. They have established a linguistic communication. a sense of frock. and behaviours. These protocols help this group of work forces emphasize their ethnicity and gender. Members of this group who follow these traits are considered to be portion of the cult of Black maleness. What is go oning is that white work forces. because of the influence of dad civilization. are pervading the boundaries of the Black masculine cult. This is an experience of somewhat rearward assimilation. At first it was the assimilation of the Black adult male into the white man’s universe and now it is as if functions are reversed. How the white work forces see the Black maleness portrayed through the media and want to be portion of it. Anthropologist Fredrik Barth specifies three conditions under which cultural groups develop and define themselves: ( a ) a dominant civilization is present with the power to keep conditions whereby other groups of people. ( B ) are stereotyped. and ( degree Celsius ) are constrained to certain functions that function complementarily in the general civilization. Barth argues that cultural differentiations are born out of struggle. The above conditions are necessary for the care of cultural differentiations. So. the care of cultural diverseness requires domination by one group of the remainder. Using Barth’s definition of what an cultural group is and which boundaries are defined by these regulations this paper will turn out how Black maleness conforms to these guidelines set uping them as an cultural group within the dominant civilization. This paper will besides research the difference that is expressed by black males in American civilization through the usage of linguistic communication. frock and behaviour. The cult of Black maleness will turn out that cultural groups can make something of their ain while contriving a new civilization in which they can partake in and be control of. Black Masculinity â€Å"A peculiar type of black masculinity–one defined chiefly by an urban aesthetic. a nihilistic attitude. and an aggressive posturing–has made its manner into the cultural mainstream in the last two decennaries. † There are many lending factors but the image of Black maleness has come about due to the popularisation of hip-hop civilization and the prominence of blame music and the â€Å"videomercials† that sell it. More specifically. it is the consequence of the popularity of the urban â€Å"gangsta† and his incarnation in the â€Å"gangsta† blame of creative persons such as Dr. Dre. Ice Cube. Snoop Doggy Dogg. and Tupak Shakur. Black maleness is the effort for black males to integrate what the dominant civilization believes to be masculine. Most surveies have. nevertheless regarded Black Masculinity as an option to societal position. instead than as an extension of it. ‘Black Macho’ has been portrayed. hence. as differing in sort instead than degree from the wider gendered power dealingss within Society at large†¦ It is nevertheless ; merely within the context of wider power dealingss - and as an extension of them –that Black maleness can be to the full understood†¦ Black maleness is so possibly best understood as an articulated response to structural inequality. enacting and overthrowing dominant definitions of power and control. instead so replacing for them. Rather than a hostile and recluse entity [ black maleness ] can be seen as a base for interaction and dialogue with wider society. These work forces have taken an thought which already exists harmonizing to society and incorporated what they believe is their definition of maleness. This look of maleness. harmonizing to Mercer and Julien: â€Å"subjectively incorporates properties associated with dominant definitions of manhood – such as being tough. in control. independent – in order to recover some grade of power or active influence over nonsubjective conditions of impotence created by racism. † Black maleness embraces the stereotyped function of what a Black adult male typically resembles. What the dominant civilization portrays: the tough cat. more organic structure so head. This is received as negative because they are non accomplishing what the ideal is. what â€Å"Whiteness† is. So would this group of work forces be considered an cultural group within the American society? Harmonizing to Barth an cultural group embodies the followers: â€Å"Largely biologically self-perpetuating. portions cardinal cultural values. realized in open integrity in cultural signifiers. makes up a field of communicating and interaction. has a rank which identifies itself. and is identified by others. as representing a class distinguishable from other classs of the same order. † Those who choose to conform to these norms of this group will reject or know apart against others and this leads to the inclusion of this specific group. Behavior How one behaves will find what group they will suit into. These behaviours include how one dresses. Acts of the Apostless and negotiations. Black maleness has their ain sense of frock. actions and even linguistic communication. Depicted through the media the Black masculine male will dress â€Å"gangster† . There stereotypic baggie denims and large jerseies with the jewellery and baseball caps. This reinforces the hyper-sexualized stereotypic male in society. Recently. Richard G. Major’s construct of the â€Å"cool pose† has proved an insightful term for understanding the kineticss of black maleness as it has developed in response to unequal conditions in the modern urban environment. In a series of closely related plants ( listed at the terminal of this essay ) . Major leagues argues that black males have accepted the traditional values of maleness but are so restricted by societal and political factors that many of them have been profoundly frustrated by their inability to ordain these traditional masculine functions. â€Å"In brief. † Majors explains. â€Å"cool pose originated as a header mechanism for the ‘invisibility. ’ defeat. favoritism. and educational and employment unfairnesss faced by Black males. In response to these obstructions. many of these persons have channeled their originative endowments and energies into the building of masculine symbols and into the usage of conspicuous gestural behaviours ( e. g. . demeanours. gestures. vesture. hairdos. walks. stances and handshakings ) † . Major leagues includes in his illustrations of the cool airs such diverse behaviours as the usage of wit. feigned emotional withdrawal. and specific stylistic looks like the black athlete’s imaginative hoops dunking. football spiking. and stop zone dancing. every bit good as black musical performers’ aggressive sitting and graceful yet strenuous dance manners. A premier ingredient of the cool airs as a compensatory signifier of maleness is an overdone manner of stamina: â€Å"Symbolic shows of toughness support his individuality and addition him respect ; they can besides advance chumminess and solidarity among black males† . Unfortunately. as Majors is careful to indicate out. the ritualized hyper maleness performed by many black work forces as a cool airs. peculiarly the preoccupation with ordaining a tough character is rife with the negative potency to advance unsafe life styles ( e. g. . pack bangers. tough cats. drug traders. street streetwalkers. and procurers ) and to reenforce harmful stereotypes. These images illuminate the figure of the endangering Black male. He embodies images of the black heterosexual rapper. jock. and film star which challenge the racialist word pictures of black maleness as incompetent. highly-sexed and rude. in the terminal a menace to middle category impressions of muliebrity. household and state. Possibly with these incarnations this is why Black maleness is its ain cultural group. They were unable to absorb into the dominant civilization because they were seen as a hyper sexualized menace to white adult females. This left these work forces to make something of their ain. through frock. linguistic communication and action. This group uses linguistic communication as another look of societal difference. African American Vernacular English is the linguistic communication that is used to pass on. it is besides known as Black English. Black Vernacular. or Black English Vernacular. Black English is besides known as African american vernacular englishs. a combination of â€Å"ebony† and â€Å"phonics† . this linguistic communication is spoken by many Blacks in the United States and around the universe. Black maleness has accepted African american vernacular englishs as their linguistic communication because it is something that is alone to the African American civilization. The job with this signifier of communicating is that it is non widely accepted within the dominant society. The kids who are raised by work forces who are portion of this cult of Black maleness are told to talk otherwise because the signifier of communicating that they have learned is non acceptable. This is a miscommunication and some parties tried to acquire Ebonics recognized as a linguistic communication and to be taught in the school systems. This jurisprudence was non passed but it was interpreted and they are now learning the kids how to interpret African American Vernacular English into American Standard English. Jackson sees linguistic communication as â€Å"badges and emblems of individuality can be seen as a sort of message. the successful transmittal. response. and decryption of which necessary to the interaction is taking topographic point. † This is why Black maleness is every bit strong as it is because it embraces their ain linguistic communication and through this they are able to keep relationships with others in this group of work forces. Such as the word â€Å"Nigga† . if this word were used by person exterior of this cultural group so they would be considered racialist but through music and usage within the group it is considered to be a term used to place each other. It would be seen as uneven if person who did non embody Black maleness started talking in African American Vernacular English because they may non hold the lineage which allows them to incarnate Black Masculinity and their linguistic communication. Boundaries To organize a cultural boundary it is presumed that the boundary lines would be between different fatherlands. ethnicities. faiths or linguistic communication groups. In the instance of Black maleness the bulk are situated all over North America and the remainder of the universe. With such a diverse spread it would be difficult to put physical boundary lines on this group. â€Å"Ethnic groups are non simply or needfully based on the business of sole districts ; and the different ways in which they are maintained. non merely by once-and-for-all enlisting but by continual look and validation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In stating this. those who partake in the cult of Black maleness erect boundary lines through communicating such as linguistic communication and organic structure linguistic communication. Those who do non react to these actions are non considered to be portion Black male society. There is certain protocol which will be followed within the group and if this is non followed so there is the designation of an foreigner who is seeking to interrupt through the boundary lines. The job with Black maleness and the exclusivity of this civilization is that it is widely available in pop civilization. It would be easy for person who is non portion of this cultural group to analyze the mass media and larn the traits which define Black maleness. Black maleness is based on attribution how people identify their civilization and how they identify themselves within this civilization. Their boundaries are socially constructed. Cultural groups portion common civilization which includes shared faith. linguistic communication. manner of frock. lodging. shared imposts ; attitudes. beliefs and most have the same perceptual experience of a common yesteryear. As discussed earlier this group embraces a shared common civilization which separates them from the dominant civilization. They have created themselves due to a peculiar historical circumstance and in this instance it is colonisation and the invasion of the White adult male. The individuality of Black maleness is reliant on how persons embrace it. constrained by it ; act on it and through this Black maleness will hold a separate individuality as an cultural group. To divide themselves they have must be able to separate them from the dominant civilization by â€Å"creating visual aspect of cultural discontinuity† . Black maleness has done this by presuming functions such as the mobster rapper. the black jock or film star. By making these individualities they are building a boundary between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† . Overtime groups tend to go culturally more homogeneous. This endangers the boundary and makes it harder to keep but in order to continue its distinguishable individuality these boundaries need to be maintained by the group. Boundary care serves to insulate the group from alternate value systems ( harmonizing to which its members may happen themselves ranked otherwise ) . preserves the group’s bing internal power construction. and provides a possible beginning of political power for the group through solidarity and Numberss. Black maleness is a strong force in the media and to follow what their cultural beliefs are would be easy. They have familiarized their civilization with the dominant civilization leting anyone to be able to take part in their beliefs. This weakens their boundary lines and makes it harder to keep a fastness at their boundary lines. The lone thing that would non be broken within Black maleness is in the name. To be a true portion of this cultural group one would hold to be a Black male. This is the lone thing that will keep true to keep the boundary lines of Black maleness. Biologically Self Perpetuating Black maleness has become such a widely known phenomenon and even those who do non portion the same lineage seem to be able to incarnate traits of this group. Traditionally an cultural group would portion a common background and family. Through the usage of mass media the cult of the Black male has become extremely sexualized and those who see this machismo want to be portion of it. Cultural groups are chiefly endogamic and this new assimilation into their group will do jobs with this. This is a job because it takes off from the power of what this group stands for and what they embody as the butch adult male. â€Å"In a societal order where white beliefs signifier cardinal accounts of how persons should ordain their color-sex places and associated function outlooks. black males do non. regardless of their economic position or rational capablenesss. have the cultural privilege to take the enterprise. † This quotation mark redefines that there is a dominant civilization and leting assimilation this group is leting the power to be taken off. As these work forces are portrayed as hyper sexualized in the media it introduces them to something that the dominant civilization positions as the ideal. this goes back to colonisation and the privation of what the White adult male has. the unachievable. â€Å"A major ground for the initial brush was the mystique attached to the hitherto unavailable ‘the white goddess’ † . This â€Å"white goddess† . the unavailable. is the difference between the dominant civilization and the Black Masculinity. Black work forces move between bulk and minority civilizations and must negociate the racism and favoritism that accompany caste-like minority position. Frazier suggests that Black maleness and male function individuality must be viewed in these changing societal and cultural contexts. Specifically. Black work forces are expected to conform to dominant gender function outlooks ( e. g. . to be successful. competitory. aggressive ) . every bit good as meeting culturally specific demands ( e. g. . cooperation. publicity of group. and endurance of group ) of the Black community. â€Å"certain patriarchal values such as physical strength. sexual art and being in control as a agency of endurance against the repressive and violent system of subordination to which they were subjected† . The dehumanising facet of this myth. a myth that Mercer claims many black work forces do non desire demystified because it in some ways ( e. g. . strength. sexual art ) raises them above the position of white work forces. is that. while an accent on the organic structure as beastly force is a marker of the difference between male and female. it is besides a cardinal symbol in the division between nature and civilization. Possibly this is why Black maleness came to be. It is argued that the members of the Black Power motion defined the political relations of race within â€Å"metaphoric of phallic power. † which developed out of male activists’ desires to counter cultural articulations of black male lower status. and that this is readily seen in the Hagiographas of influential figures such as Malcolm X. Huey Newton. Eldridge Clever. and Amiri Baraka. Wiegman farther claims that the phallocentric position was besides articulated through the macho. hyper masculine characters looking in the blaxploitation movies of the early 1970s. It is through Wiegman’s phallic theories about Black males that this cultural group created the term and civilization of Black maleness. Conclusion Through Barth this paper has been able to discourse the boundaries which the cultural group Black maleness was able to command. They were able to make their ain cultural group in response to the dominant civilization. They defined themselves through being Black males. They embodied what it meant to be. They did this by frock and action. This is late obvious through the media and ‘gangta’ blame and possibly with this incarnation they are able to turn out that they are able to be as a powerful force within the dominant civilization. Black maleness members are able to hold their ain sense of linguistic communication whether it be verbal. Ebonics. of physical. â€Å"cool pose† . This is how they established members of the group and were able to pass on with each other by these agencies. They reinforced that the â€Å"cool pose† shows stamina and it additions him respect and from this it promotes solidarity within the group of Black males. The â€Å"cool pose† is non ever a good thing. In the media the dominant society does non see the jock but the mobster and the stereotype which is created by the dominant civilization. They are seen as a menace and to maintain them safe Black maleness was created in an effort to make values and regulations of their ain in order to obtain position in a dominant civilization. To maintain this group sole these Black work forces created a linguistic communication of their ain and through this they communicate and they are able to keep a strong bond through these agencies of communicating. Through the usage of linguistic communication they create boundary lines. The boundary lines which they created let them to keep who they are without being assimilated into the dominant civilization. They have embraced and emphasized who they are and what they stand for. To protect this they erected boundary lines such as similar dress/style. linguistic communication. sense of history and shared imposts. These facets are alone to them but as popular civilization embraced these facets such as linguistic communication and dress the boundary lines began to interrupt. One thing that the dominant civilization could non interrupt is their gender and race. They were African American work forces and no affair what the dominant civilization did to seek and absorb them they had this to observe. This is of import to keep the strength of your boundary lines. Black maleness is a group of Black males who have been able to continue that they are portion of an cultural group and they have history which needs to be respected. They are seeking to prolong a civilization that is easy being integrated into the dominant civilization. If this group follows what Barth has laid out in order to keep boundaries so Black maleness will be able to be whomever they want within the dominant civilization. REFERENCES Alexander. C. The Art of Being Black. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1996. Barths. F. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Christiania: Universitesforlaget. 1969. Frazier. E. Franklin. The Negro Family in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1939. Gray. H. â€Å"He Is a â€Å"Bad Mother*S % @ ! # † : Shaft and Contemporary Black Masculinity. American Quarterly. Vol. 50. No. 2. 1998. Gray. H. Cultural Politics. A Particular Section: Black Masculinity and Ocular Culture. Callaloo. Vol. 18. No. 2. ( Spring. 1995 ) . Jackson. J. Language Identity of The Colombian Vaupes Indians. In Baumand. R. . Sherzer. J. . 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